I want to have a dirty player, a sure hands/kor/block guy, a wrestle guy and maybe a kick guy aswell, but don't know in what order yet. Regarding the hobbos im a bit unsure what to do. Regarding development I have somewhat decided for the dwarves: (guard, mb/sf for 4 of them mb, po/dauntless/sf (claw) for the last 2) and bulls (block/break tackle, mb/guard/frenzy/sure hands). The mino is too random for my taste and I can allways induce one (or a starplayer) anyways. So apart from the last reroll, everything has been bought. I have yet to meet the following teams in an undecided order (TV estimate): skavens (last years champs, 1800 TV), necro (1500-1600 TV?), norse (1900 TV), orcs (1700 TV), chaos pact (2000 TV) and chaos (2000 TV) so the inducements will see plenty of use. Getting riot when recieving the ball when the opponent has FAME +2 doesn't help either (4 players stading vs 9 is bad). Now played three games (1/1/1) - lost against a 1800 TV woodies, where I only managed one KO and no cas even though I induced a wizard, Grashnak (who managed to do a tripple skull and a skull, skull, both down) and nobbla with a bribe. Against a slow (no MA7+) opponent, you can ignore the WZs, or at least not worry about getting zones on the wing, so you can use Dwarfs on your flank roles and drop one or both BCs inside with the Hobs, where they can't be marked. You may also decide to load both Bulls on one side in order to use your Kick Hob, or to take advantage of a numerical edge. If you have a Mino with Stand Firm and two BCs with Block and Stand Firm, you have an outrageous array of potential defensive setups for use against different kinds of opponents (or even different looks to show the same guy repeatedly, if you should be so lucky as to build an effective quick-strike defense out of a bog team). ![]() It's hard to get the elements of an inverted Zig together, but any similar defense, where the midfielder mans a free spot and protects a "strong" safety on his interior, who actually holds down the important point, a Guard Dwarf and a BC or Mino can be an excellent pairing here. Just one Guard guy on the D-line can frustrate an elf team, but even three is of no consequence against most Orcs, so guys who would play on the line in one scenario go into the free positions, far enough up to lend an assist, but backed by a screen so as not to yield a gap if blitzed. How about the Dwarfs? When you get Guard on your first couple Dwarfs, you may find them positioning themselves in different roles against different opponents. For this reason, you may start with the BCs out wide on your rookie team, then as your team builds move them inside. In that case, since Dwarfs are so slow, you kind of have to play your bulls wide or just be willing to give up WZ action (okay against some teams, but bad juju against elf, rat, lizard, Human or some Undead/Necro teams). Got really soft Hobgoblins? Then you probably want to use them as safeties, because you need to keep them alive if you are to score on defense. They can be hedged, but can't really be taken out of the action unless you totally get partitioned up the middle (with Chaos Dwarfs and a Minotaur protecting centerfield, you have no excuses). Bulls on the wing are better for holding out wide attacks, rushing the ball, pinning down the cage. They're kind of wasted as safeties, and you want your Hobs there anyway. They're good midfielders, but really too expensive to play the dedicated blitz-absorber role, and their mobility is wasted if marked. Another advantage is that really good Zig wingers almost never get hit.īulls on the interior are available to mark, play safety, or assist in formations. By contrast, Dwarfs and Minos are slow and Hobgoblins are fragile (besides, one assist is all it takes). ![]() ![]() Once he's got Block and SF, it's hard to find a better Zig winger. High movement and ST make for an awesome winger, as only one assist is available against the winger, and as the winger generally has to either rush or reposition on his first turn. That said, I like mine out wide most of the time. I think development and opposition are the critical elements.
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![]() I didn’t test them all, because I can tell you conclusively from the tests that I did, that for a D+ cup (and probably sizes below that), stick-on bras are many varieties of garbage. There are other varieties of stick-on bras, including the pull-together bra (Buzzfeed reviewed it on different cup sizes), and other bras that claim to be backless, strapless, and push-up. I tried two styles: the Le Lusion bra, and the deep U-plunge strapless backless bra. (Though for some reason I’m fine immortalizing it on the Internet, in service of all of our boobs.) The Le Lusion Bra Review (For A D+ Cup)įirst up, the stick-on bras. ![]() In short, this is not a look I’d gladly go out in public in. The dress is pulling really wide at the top, and the waist is… well, it’s not good. This is what the dress with no boob support at all looks like. WHAT NO BRA LOOKS LIKEīecause we’re scientists (of boobs), we had to start with a control. And we also tested to see how form-fitting a dress could be before the Gaffer Tape would show. Then we tested out two different tape patterns for Gaffer Tape: one for a deep-plunge backless dress, and one for a strapless backless dress. First, we tried out two of those stick-on bras (I would test more for you, but it became very clear it was pointless). Well, till now, because now it’s gonna be Kim and me on the Internet with boob tape bras… forever (and these images will stay, because we love you like that).Īfter wearing Gaff Tape at the wedding (it worked like a charm), and y’all asking me to share more details, we whipped up a little test in the APW laboratories. (I mean, Kim is notorious for rocking whatever she wears, wherever she goes.)īut as it turns out, while a few people have tested out the Gaffer Tape trick (and Buzzfeed has a great article demonstrating how it works on a variety of cup sizes- too bad the images are gone from that post, now), only Kim Kardashian was willing to show the world how it looked (and worked) on her actual boobs. ![]() (And not just because I’m a theatre major who’s used Gaff tape to stick down any number of cords to the floor and to spike any number of stages.) A quick google search of Gaffer Tape Bra, lead me to “Kim Kardashian’s boob tape trick,” and I immediately knew it was go-time, and this would be the answer to all my worries. I solved it by ordering a pile of stick-on bras and fashion tape from Amazon, and then having a screen pop up that said, “People who ordered these things also ordered flesh-colored Gaffer tape.” And in one SECOND, I knew why. I’d like to say that I solved the problem with my in-depth googling skills and stylist connections. Had someone finally made a more fashion appropriate-or at least in-a-variety-of-flesh-tones-version of this product? Was this idea totally bonkers? I work in a fashion adjacent industry, WHY DIDN’T I KNOW THE ANSWER? So last month, I kept circling around this idea. I feel like the story should end here, with, “And I really don’t recommend it,” but it was more or less fine. So with my theatre kid ingenuity, I dug up some Duct Tape and… Duct Taped my boobs. I’d bought the ’90s version of a stick-on bra, and even for my at-the-time B cup, they were a total last-minute fail, and I needed support. If it didn’t work at the last minute, THEN WHAT?īut I kept circling back to what happened when I was getting ready for prom. The week before the wedding, I kept looking at the stick-on bra box and feeling panicked. I gotcha covered… more details on that below.) (Spoiler alert: They don’t really, but boob tape just might. But for some reason, even though I know better, I let myself be seduced by the idea that stick-on bras really work for busty ladies. The only issue is that I’m in the range of a D(+) cup, and after two pregnancies and two rounds of nursing, my boobs no longer defy gravity. In some flush of optimism, I picked a strappy dress with a plunging neckline. Last month, I was in a family wedding (mostly as a child wrangler, but still). This post about boob tape was originally published in November 2017. We are also a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn advertising fees by linking to and affiliated websites. The Site and our mobile application may contain links to affiliate websites, and we receive an affiliate commission for any purchases made by you on the affiliate website using such links. Research The Target Audienceĭefining your target audience can help set your printable flyers on the right path. Determine what is the purpose of your flyer, then incorporating the contents and designs will not be confusing. The flyer is basically a segway in helping a person's dilemma that is fortunately fitted to your services, products, or events. As with your marketing and sales efforts, you intend to help the target audience recognize that they have a problem that needs a solution and shows them how your service will solve their problem. Determine The PurposeĪ flyer aims to get a particular, required action from a potential client. May it be to inform such an event or to boost marketing sales, we have different templates that will fit on any purpose - download one of our printable flyer templates that are presented above and read our provided steps below. Whatever the reason for making a printable flyer, it is guaranteed that the event, product, or campaign that you are promoting will be known for an amount of audience. Printable Flyers are one of the major methods of advertising and promotion that have been proven effective for many years. But, it is also essential to remember some of the tried and tested marketing methods used for years. Indeed it has advantages in helping to promote something and buzz around them. It makes advertising reach an impossible amount of audience because of its worldwide ability to promote activities and create awareness. Social Media has taken all over the world with its easy and wide range of scope in terms of communication. ![]() So why look for other templates? Download our free Ready-Made Printable Flyer Templates in Microsoft Word now How To Make A Printable Flyer In Microsoft Word Our templates are also easily-editable and printable to ensure you have a convenient and efficient creating experience. ![]() We have also provided these templates with original design elements that you can use. With our 100% customizable templates, you are guaranteed to have an easy time highlighting all the pertinent information about your brand. ![]() If you're on the hunt for well-designed printable flyer templates, you're at the right place! Our Ready-Made Printable Flyer Templates in Microsoft Word have been created to help you easily create effective promotional flyers. ![]() What will 3M™ VHB™ Tape look like when it turns 50? We don’t know – but rest assured our world-class scientists and engineers are working on it. 25 off 50 qualifying purchase of Marketing Materials Shop Now 46.99 Multi-Use Print & Copy Paper, 10-rm Case Shop Now. 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Gorilla Tough and Clear Mounting Tape is a clear double-sided tape that mounts in an instant, for a permanent, weatherproof bond. 3M™ VHB™ Tape LSE family designed specifically for bonding low surface energy plastics and allowing bonding at temperatures down to 0☌ģM™ VHB™ Tapes are also environmentally durable.Home / Storage & Organization / Office Supplies / Adhesives & Tape. No drips, clogs and air 1 Home Improvement Retailer. 3M™ VHB™ Tape GPH family for superior temperature performance through high-temp paint and powder coat bake cycles Gorilla Heavy-Duty Mounting Tape is a double-sided tape that mounts in an instant, for a permanent, weatherproof bond. Scotch Double-Sided Tape Refill Rolls are always ready to get to work.Clear 3M™ VHB™ Tapes for joining transparent materials.It also features optically clear adhesive technology, which helps draw attention to decor - instead of what is behind it. ![]() ![]() ![]() This tapes strong permanent bond is designed to hold up to 15 pounds (6.8 kg) of weight without the added hassle of nails and tools. Heavy-duty double stick tape bond lines can be as thin as a fraction of a millimeter up to a thick foam that helps damp vibrations. Scotch-Mount Double-Sided Mounting Tape is perfect for mounting glass, tile, and artwork. 3M™ VHB™ Tape RP family for panel bonding and stiffener and trim attachment A double sided tape has pressure-sensitive adhesive on both sides to bond parts together without visible fasteners.We’ve expanded the base product and added new capabilities so you have a whole family of options to choose from, including: One reason our 3M™ VHB™ Tapes have found so many uses is that we didn’t stop at just one tape. It works as an alternative because it allows you to stick objects to the wall without drilling. Nobody likes to drill holes as it makes an unpleasant spot in their walls. This special type of tape has glue on both sides and is used when you want to attach two surfaces. Design Engineers soon found new applications for these remarkable acrylic foam tapes and they are now the bonding solution of choice in a wide variety of industries, from architectural and glass panels on buildings to passenger rail cars and freeway signs to smartphones and other electronics. Double sided tapes are most popular among DIY-ers. Rather than bonding at one point or even a series of points, this high-strength bonding tape distributes the stress load across the entire area of the joint. Virtually invisible fastening keeps surfaces smooth 3m 5962Ĭan replace mechanical fasteners (rivets, welding, screws) or liquid adhesivesīlack, 1.55 mm thick, modified acrylic adhesive and very conformable acrylic foam core bonds to a wide variety of substrates including powder coated paints and irregular surfaces 3m 5962Īpplication:Typical applications include: body side moldings stainless steel, ABS and PVC rocker panels wheel lip moldings, door edge 3m 5962įeatures:3M acrylic foam tape 5962 is characterized by high performance peel and shear adhesion, high internal strength, good conformability and excellent plasticizer resistance.3M introduced 3M™ VHB™ Tapes in 1980 to replace screws, rivets and welds, and it was first used for bonding panels to the frames of ambulances. Material : Original 3M product VHB 5962 ,black color.įast and easy-to-use permanent bonding method provides high strength and long-term durability 3m vhb tape home depot 5962, 3M die Cut shape Tape, 3m 5962 If you like having all of your financial data in your hands, Mint is worth a look. Automation is a great psychological trick to help you save time and gain control of your finances. For example, you can automate all your transactions. ![]() Here are some of the best budgeting apps to help automate money management, which gives you more control over your cash so you can meet your financial goals while thinking about them less.įirstly, take advantage of your bank’s features, including apps that connect to your checking account and credit card to effortlessly monitor expenses. My 2 Favorite Budgeting Apps and Tools to Help with Money ManagementĬraft a conscious spending plan with the tools above, then use budgeting apps with simple technology to streamline your efforts. The formula at the end (subtracting expenses from income) provides a picture of your financial health and can help you figure out how to better manage your money. The free budget spreadsheet is available to download as a PDF and provides a list of proposed income and expense budget categories you just have to fill in the dollar amounts. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) offers another handy budgeting tool. The Federal Trade Commission’s budget worksheet There are also budget calculators to help you stick to your selected budgeting rule, like the 50/20/30 rule (which dictates that 50% of your budget goes to essential fixed and variable expenses, 20% goes to savings and debts, and 30% goes to the rest). If you have a Google account, you can access free templates covering weekly, monthly, and annual budgets. Google Sheets offers another budgeting method. If you have the Microsoft Office suite, you can access these Excel templates for free. There are even specialty templates, such as a personal monthly budget, a college budget, a home construction budget, and an event planning budget. These free budget templates are an easy way to get an overview of your cash flow (monthly expenses versus monthly income). Microsoft Excel isn’t all about complex formulas. Here are some of the easiest: Microsoft Excel budget templates ![]() When it comes to budget templates, it’s best to keep them simple, and there are many user-friendly tools available to save you time and stress. Does this mean you need to master complex financial formulas? Not at all. The thought of creating a budget spreadsheet can be intimidating. But without planning for expenses, a big income can lead to big debt.ģ Budget Spreadsheet Templates to Get You Started ![]() But it doesn’t have to be! I spoke with a couple in episode 114 of my podcast who overspent on holidays because their earnings combined were a lot. The entire point of these tools is to simplify money management so you can think about your money less, not more.įor many people, budgeting and planning for big expenses like vacations are a struggle. Simplified spreadsheets help develop your plan, and budgeting apps, like those that automate expense tracking, help you stick to it. Finally, you need to stick to your plan.īudgeting spreadsheets and tools are great resources for creating a conscious spending plan. You then need to decide how much money to allocate to each bucket. You need to start with a bullet-proof budget, categorizing all of your expenses into one of these four buckets: fixed costs, investments, savings, and guilt-free spending. Conscious spending is a great way to enjoy life while still building a financially secure future. ![]() You blush because it’s embarrassing and you’re not a baby. After you finish drinking the arms hold you up and pat you on your back, and you can’t help but let out a burp. They make you drink the entire gallon of nice, warm, fresh milk. You squirm and move your head but the hands hold you in place and force the bottle in your mouth. ![]() The hands pick you up and hold you and try to push the bottle in your mouth. ![]() It’s full of at least a gallon of milk. Two more hands come, now holding a gigantic baby bottle. The conveyor belt moves you to the next area. You try to stand up but soon realize the diaper is so big that you can’t even do that. Now you can’t grip the diaper tapes to take it off. You reach to try to take off the diaper but more robot hands come, now putting mittens on your hands. You try to squirm away, but the harms successfully put the diaper on you and tape it shut. Suddenly more arms come, holding a huge, puffy diaper. You try to fight it but they’re too strong. Before you know it, the hands are pinning you down on your back and sprinkling baby powder on you. Out of nowhere robotic hands come and start pulling off your clothes. You look down and see you are on a conveyor belt. Suddenly the lights turn on and the floor starts moving you forward. I wanted to try a story about a machine that diapers grown-up furs. Without even realizing it you suck on your pacifier and fall asleep. As you start to fall asleep you hope that you don’t have an accident after drinking all that milk. You want to escape but with your tummy full of warm milk and the lullaby playing and the soft diaper and soft bed your eyes start to lower and you’re very tired suddenly. Suddenly the lights dim and a lullaby starts to play. It’s really soft and the bars are too high for you to escape and you can’t stand up anyway. The conveyor belt ends by dropping you in a giant crib. The conveyor belt goes into a room that says “Nursery” above the door. You try to spit it out but that just makes you suck the pacifier. The pacifier is locked in place and you can’t take it off because of the mittens. Next a new hand comes and sticks a pacifier gag in your mouth with a strap so you can’t call for help. ![]() The arms place you back on the conveyor belt and you helplessly move on. You blush because it’s embarrassing and you’re not a baby. After you finish drinking the arms hold you up and pat you on your back, and you can’t help but let out a burp. You try to stand up but soon realize the diaper is so big that you can’t even do that. Now you can’t grip the diaper tapes to take it off. You try to fight it but they’re too strong. File type: Text File (.txt) - You wake up in a dark room, confused. ![]() The Symbolic Legacy of the Deadhead Bears In this way it is clear how the bears not only represented the offbeat, idiosyncratic, creatively potent world of prog-rock, but also how they came to be a stand-in for the psychedelic counterculture more generally. What I wouldn’t give to go back to those times. This meant that fans could trip on custom-made, artistically-inspired dancing bear acid while watching the concert. “Bear” Stanley started incorporating the bears into the blotter art for his LSD tabs, which were in heavy demand at Dead concerts. ![]() But “marching bears” doesn’t sound quite as evocative, does it? The LSD Connectionīut wait, things keep getting wackier. If you put the bears in a flip book in order and flip through them you will see that they are actually doing a high step march. The bears chart the trajectory of the rainbow, illustrated in sunny shades of yellow, green, orange, red, and blue.Īlthough Stanley later clarified that the bears are not, in fact dancing, in the popular imagination that impression has stuck. ![]() Thomas used a goofy-looking 36-point leaden slug bear as the inspiration for the design, which resulted in the playful, light-hearted appearance of the bears. The live recordings on the album were, quite literally, chosen by “Bear Stanley” from his personal archives. “Bear’s Choice” wasn’t just a twee and playful name for a killer compilation album. Needless to say, “Bear” was foundational to the early success of the band, and his legacy was captured in the dancing bears. “Bear”, in tandem with Bob Thomas, also designed the “Steal Your Face” logo and the “Lightning Bolt” logo (originally created to keep track of the band’s instruments at shows). He recorded many live performances and distributed the resulting tapes, enhancing the communal, grassroots mood of the Dead’s fandom. “Bear” Stanley was pivotal in the tape trading culture that blossomed among Dead fans. Rumor has it that the nickname originated in his childhood, due to his wild and unruly chest hair. Needless to say, he was a counterculture icon in sixties San Francisco. Psychedelic icon Owsley ‘Bear’ Stanley (left) in 1969 with the Grateful Dead’s Jerry Garcia.(Photo by Rosie McGee). Often called the Acid King, he was one of the first private producers of LSD in the world. The bears were designed in honor of one of the band’s first sound engineers, Owsley “Bear” Stanley, who was also a practicing chemist and the man behind a large portion of the LSD being circulated in the States at the time. And what a choice it was, as the bears have taken on a whimsical life of their own in the cult surrounding the Dead.īut it gets trippier. They first appeared on the back cover of the album The History of the Grateful Dead, Volume 1 (Bear’s Choice). The dancing bears weren’t there from the start – indeed, they had their debut in 1973, well into The Grateful Dead’s career. “Bear” Stanley and the Backstory of the Grateful Dead Bears While you don’t need an advanced degree in semiotics to uncover the mysterious magic of the dancing bears, some crib notes certainly won’t hurt. Where symbolism is concerned, the dancing bears are certainly nutrient-rich, chock full of good-for-you allusions, metaphors, and insinuations. Let’s get up close with Grateful Dead’s surreal and iconic dancing bears. Then you’re going to want to strap in for this one, because it’s going to be quite a ride. Consider yourself a dyed-in-the-wool Deadhead? A lover of the cultish and mysterious? A fan of all things Ursa (that’s bear in Latin for the kids at the back)? Fluorescent compounds should be protected from light for long term storage. Storage conditions can be found on the product information sheet or product safety and data sheet, material safety data sheet, and on the product label. However, the majority of these products are highly stable for many years, as long as they are stored as recommended. ![]() If you have an older conjugate in storage that you wish to use, we recommend performing a small scale positive control experiment to confirm that the product still works for your application before processing a large number of samples or precious samples.įor lyophilized antibodies, we recommend reconstituting the antibody with glycerol and antimicrobial preservative like sodium azide for the longest shelf life (note that sodium azide is not compatible with HRP-conjugates).īiotium guarantees the stability of chemicals, dyes, and gel stains for at least a year from the date you receive the product. Antibodies and other conjugates often are functional for significantly longer than the guaranteed shelf life. The guaranteed shelf life from date of receipt for antibodies and conjugates is listed on the product information sheet. If you have an older kit in storage that you wish to use, we recommend performing a small scale positive control experiment to confirm that the kit still works for your application before processing a large number of samples or precious samples. Kits often are functional for significantly longer than the guaranteed shelf life. Some kits have an expiration date printed on the kit box label, this is the guaranteed shelf life date calculated from the day that the product shipped from our facility. ![]() The guaranteed shelf life from date of receipt for bioscience kits is listed on the product information sheet. ![]() URL QR Code (can be static or dynamic)Ĭreate a QR code for your website or any landing page where scanners will be directed. Let’s look at some of the available free QR code options. Static QR codes are also known as free QR codes, but dynamic QR codes require a premium membership. A QR free generator offers static QR codes which you can create for free. QR codes are divided into two categories: static and dynamic. Print your QR code on ads, posters, publications, or catalogs and post it anywhere people can see it.ĭon’t forget to include a call-to-action in your QR code as well! “Scan Now” or “Scan to see a video!” are examples of CTAs.” This will result in an increase of 80% in scans. Distribute your QR CodeĮnsure that your QR code is visible. QR code testing aims to ensure that your QR code is readable. There are various methods for determining whether or not your QR code is operating correctly. Always Test Your QR CodeĪfter making your unique QR code, check and test it on multiple mobile devices to see if it works properly. Once you’ve created one, you can’t move from a static to a dynamic QR code.īoth are different. It’s vital to realize that you can’t change the URL behind your QR code if you use a static QR code.ĭynamic QR codes, on the other hand, can be edited even once they’ve been printed, and the user can track the scans. It allows you to download your QR code as PNG or SVG in static mode. You should generate high-quality, standard QR codes with the best QR Code software.Īs a result, users should download QR codes in raster formats such as JPG, SVG, PDF, PNG, and others. Download your QR Code in any types of format You can also save your free QR code as a template that you can use again and again or delete at any moment. This will assist you in creating, reflecting, or aligning your QR code with your company’s logo. Related: Static vs Dynamic QR Code: Their Pros and ConsĪdd your brand’s logo or image, play with colors, select eye-catching patterns, designs, layouts, and so on. ![]() However, creating dynamic QR codes necessitates the purchase of a subscription. Click on Generate static QR codeĪ static QR code is entirely free to use and can be scanned countless times, but once they’re encoded, you can’t change the data behind them.ĭata is frequently contained in the images of this type of programming, so the more information you have, the more pixelated it becomes.ĭynamic QR codes, however, can be used to track and edit data. Enter the necessary dataĪfter deciding on the category you want, type the URL or other required information into the box. You can do this by using a static QR code solution. This is helpful in orienteering activities, brochures for occasions, instructions for delivery drivers, and so much more! All you need is out free QR code generator.Using a QR code free generator, you can create your own customized QR codes with your own logo. Transmitting a direct link to Google Maps facilitates this process and terminates any possibility of a blunder. They can also aid in showing Maps with directions to specific and difficult-to-find locations, mainly as addresses differ by town, state, and country. Users can automatically trigger phone calls, send, receive and show direct SMS and WhatsApp messages with QR codes using devices that support such technology. It makes it easier to share Wi-Fi with guests, share important files, and even your location! Furthermore, QR codes have gained more popularity in making smart shopping lists and saving recipes or instructions. The Logo Maker Pro’s free QR code generator assists in making virtual business cards that retain all the necessary information needed.Īpart from business uses, the use of QR codes can be applied in everyday use as well. ![]() Future patrons can just scan the QR code and be brought directly to your landing page. This means there will be no need to enclose your web address or phone number, which individuals could note down inaccurately. Furthermore, you can also connect print media to your company website and make virtual business cards. Think about it, your business information in one code. Every QR code made is unique, which means that there is a significantly lesser chance of it being copied and misused. As such, these codes are great call-to-actions that can improve your search engine optimization. It encourages sharing and networking where users are easily able to engage and connect with the organization. For B2B companies, QR codes provide the advantage of effective business promotion with a single scan. ![]() Conditions favouring the persistence of local prey populations include moderate levels of predation pressure, large enough population size, the existence of sufficient genetic variation and/or phenotypic plasticity in the response to the novel predator within the population 10, 11, 12. Because of this, alien predators frequently cause more severe impacts to prey populations than native predators 8.ĭespite the initial advantage of alien predators over naïve prey, prey populations enduring predator invasions may avoid extinction by adapting to the new threat 9. However, prey are often naïve to the hunting tactics of novel predators with whom they lack a shared evolutionary past 1, 7. Native prey are usually equipped with adaptive morphologies and/or behaviours to cope with local, coexisting predators. Introduced predators can create novel ecological contexts, posing new threats to which antipredatory responses of native prey may lack adaptive value 4, 5, 6. Similar content being viewed by othersĪlien predators are considered to be one of the major threats to global biodiversity loss, causing declines and extinction of species worldwide 1, 2, 3. In contrast, populations from central Spain show lower connectivity, have been exposed to the invasive crayfish for a shorter period of time, and are more divergent in their plastic responses. ![]() We hypothesize that similar responses to the invasive crayfish in southern populations may have arisen from a combination of extended historical exposure to this introduced predator (~ 50 y) and higher levels of gene flow, as they inhabit a highly interconnected pond network. We assessed patterns of genetic variation within and among these two regions through microsatellite markers and found low genetic divergence among the southern populations but greater differentiation among the central ones. Learning abilities did not differ among southern populations, but they did among central populations. Two of the populations showed innate recognition of chemical cues from the invasive crayfish, whereas three of them learned to recognize such cues as a threat after conditioning with conspecific alarm cues. We compare the learning-mediated behavioural responses of tadpoles from six populations across two regions in Spain (central and southern), with different histories of exposure to the presence of the invasive species. Here we examine geographical variation in the learning ability of larval spadefoot toads ( Pelobates cultripes) to recognize invasive predatory crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii). However, phenotypic plasticity and learned predator recognition may help prey populations to survive novel predators. ![]() Alien predators are a major cause of decline and extinction of species worldwide, since native organisms are rarely equipped with specific antipredatory strategies to cope with them. |
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